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== Gallium Arsenide detector == Comparison data of different xray detector with different semiconductor properties. [[file:detector_comparison_ss.pptx]] = Goal = Testing the viability of an xray detector made using GaAs substrate. This could result in a detector which does not need to be cooled, perhaps just stabilized and this would result in much simpler packaging requirements. Still have to protect the detector from light, which a moderately xray transparent window. We do not require low energy performance for the primary applications where a very low cost analyzer would be targeted. = Log = I am starting with a detector which is 2mm square with a rectangular anode around the periphery of the device. The first two detectors are from batch 3897F2, as noted from the plastic box I received them in. The second batch of detectors are from batch 3902A4. For reference I've collected V-I curve data for a Si-pin diode taken on a sample from an Amptek detector [[amptek-si-pin]]. [[file:gaas-initial.jpg|thumb|border|Initial detector]] This is the device mounted on a pcb, with a closeup of the device. [[file:gaas-mounted.jpg|thumb|border|Mounted on pcb]] [[file:gaas-mounted-closeup.jpg|thumb|border|Closeup mounted]] Here is the schematic for the pcb designed to hold this device. [[file:schematic-501-12270916.pdf|Schematic]] Here is the physical layout. [[file:layout-501-12270916.pdf|Layout]] = Detector #1, 3897F2 = Data acquired on 5/28/2014 using xl3 as voltage source: {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Voltage (no load, V) ! Voltage (diode load, V) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 172 || 88.5 || 164 |- | 145 || 86 || 112 |- | 125 || 84 || 84 |- | 95 || 79 || 33 |- | 85 || 76 || 19 |- | 76 || 72 || 8.6 |- | 66 || 64 || 4.6 |- | 58 || 56 || 3.6 |- | 46 || 46 || 2.6 |} = Detector #2, 3897F2 = Data acquired on 5/29/2014 using bench supplies: {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Voltage (diode load, V) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | Forward bias |- | 1.0 || 0.0 |- | 2.0 || 0.0 |- | 3.0 || 0.0 |- | 5.0 || 0.1 |- | 10 || 0.3 |- | 15 || 0.5 |- | 20 || 0.7 |- | 30 || 1.3 |- | 40 || 2.0 |- | 50 || 2.6 |- | 60 || 3.3 |- | Reverse bias |- | 10.1 || 0.4 |- | 20.1 || 1.0 |- | 30 || 1.7 |- | 40 || 2.5 |- | 50 || 3.6 |- | 60 || 5.0 |- | 70 || 9.7 |- | 80 || 71 |- | 85 || 141 |- | 86 || 152 |- | 87 || 170 |- | 88 || 190 |- | 89 || 210 |} = Detector #3, 3902A4 = Data acquired on 6/9/2014 using bench supplies: {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Reverse bias |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 10 || 0.9 |- | 20 || 1.9 |- | 30 || 2.9 |- | 40 || 4.5 |- | 50 || 6.3 |- | 60 || 8.9 |- | 65 || 11 |- | 70 || 15.9 |- | 75 || 33.2 |- | 78 || 59 |- | 80 || 81.5 |- | 81 || 95 |- | 82 || 112 |- | 83 || 131 |- | 84 || 152 |- | 85 || 178 |} {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Forward bias |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 10 || 1.1 |- | 20 || 2.2 |- | 30 || 3.3 |- | 40 || 4.5 |- | 50 || 6.0 |- | 60 || 8.5 |- | 65 || 11.0 |- | 70 || 18.5 |- | 75 || 37 |- | 78 || 54 |- | 80 || 69.5 |- | 81 || 77 |- | 82 || 86.7 |- | 83 || 95 |- | 84 || 104 |- | 85 || 114 |} = Detector #4, 3902A4 = Data acquired on 6/9/2014 using bench supplies: {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Reverse bias |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 10 || 1.0 |- | 20 || 2.0 |- | 30 || 3.4 |- | 40 || 5.2 |- | 50 || 7.4 |- | 60 || 17 |- | 65 || 40 |- | 70 || 88 |- | 75 || 90 |- | 78 || 75 |- | 80 || 89 |- | 81 || 101 |- | 82 || 112 |- | 83 || 127 |- | 84 || 135 |- | 85 || 141 |} Measurements from 60V to 85V all suffered from large current swings (> 5uA). The current draw appeared somewhat unstable, so there is substantial error in the current measurements. {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Forward bias |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 10 || 1.0 |- | 20 || 2.3 |- | 30 || 3.4 |- | 40 || 5.1 |- | 50 || 7.0 |- | 60 || 10.1 |- | 65 || 12.6 |- | 70 || 17.8 |- | 75 || 26.8 |- | 78 || 34.8 |- | 80 || 42.4 |- | 81 || 46.3 |- | 82 || 50.9 |- | 83 || 61.0 |- | 84 || 65.5 |- | 85 || 71.0 |} = Detector #5, 3944A1 = Data acquired on 6/19/2014 using bench supplies: {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Reverse bias |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 10 || 0.3 |- | 20 || 0.8 |- | 30 || 1.4 |- | 40 || 2.2 |- | 50 || 3.5 |- | 60 || 5.4 |- | 70 || 8.7 |- | 80 || 21.7 |- | 90 || 65 |- | 92 || 77 |- | 94 || 94 |- | 96 || 120 |- | 98 || 150 |- | 100 || 193 |} {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Forward bias |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 10 || 0.5 |- | 20 || 1.2 |- | 30 || 1.8 |- | 40 || 2.4 |- | 50 || 3.0 |- | 60 || 3.9 |- | 70 || 5.8 |- | 80 || 13.7 |- | 90 || 25.1 |- | 100 || 36.7 |- | 110 || 47.3 |- | 120 || 56.8 |- | 130 || 65.7 |- | 140 || 62.2 |- | 150 || 62.8 |- | 160 || 63.3 |- | 170 || 62.8 |- | 180 || 62.8 |- | 190 || 62.8 |- | 200 || 62.7 |} = Detector #6, 3944A1 = Data acquired on 6/19/2014 using bench supplies: {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Reverse bias |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 10 || 0.3 |- | 20 || 0.9 |- | 30 || 1.6 |- | 40 || 2.7 |- | 50 || 4.3 |- | 60 || 8.1 |- | 70 || 20.6 |- | 80 || 63.9 |- | 85 || 105 |- | 90 || 184 |- | 92 || 215 |} {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Forward bias |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 10 || 0.4 |- | 20 || 1.0 |- | 30 || 1.5 |- | 40 || 2.0 |- | 50 || 2.5 |- | 60 || 3.2 |- | 70 || 4.4 |- | 80 || 9.6 |- | 90 || 40.0 |- | 100 || 132 |- | 101 || 130 |- | 102 || 146 |- | 103 || 161 |- | 104 || 176 |- | 105 || 203 |} = Detector #7, 3953C3 = Measured capacitance with LCR Meter BK Precision 879, 39pF. Data acquired on 8/14/2014 using bench supplies: Image of the device #7 and #8. [[file:gaas-7_8.jpg|thumb|border|thin intrinsic layer detector]] These two detectors have intrinsic layers that are 10um thick. The n-side is 150um thick and the p-side is 1um thick? The "active area" is the center anode contact and there is a guard ring as can be seen in the picture. At this point I have utilized the guard ring. Observed odd behavior. When measuring the reverse bias I noticed that when I gradually ramp the voltage up to 70V (for example) the measured current draw stays low, as described in the table. However, if I apply the voltage instantly at 70V and look at the current draw it starts high and goes down "slowly" over time to approximately the steady state values below. There appears to be non-trivial capacitance incorporated in to the device. {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Reverse bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (applied, V) ! Current (measured, uA) (10k ohm resistor in series) |- | 10 || 0.0 |- | 20 || 0.1 |- | 30 || 0.1 |- | 40 || 0.1 |- | 50 || 0.1 |- | 60 || 0.11 |- | 70 || 0.15 |- | 72 || 0.13 |- | 74 || 0.15 |- | 76 || 0.17 |- | 80 || 0.2 |- | 85 || 0.2 |- | 90 || 0.1 |- | 95 || 0.1 |- | 100 || 0.1 |- | 105 || 0.1 |- | 110 || 142 |- | 115 || 188.9 |- ! Forward bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (applied, V) ! Current (measured, uA) (10k ohm resistor in series) |- | 0 || 0.06 |- | 0.1 || 0.06 |- | 0.2 || 0.08 |- | 0.4 || 0.08 |- | 0.5 || 0.09 |- | 0.6 || 0.23 |- | 0.7 || 1.38 |- | 0.8 || 2.77 |- | 0.9 || 9.17 |- | 1.0 || 17.6 |- | 1.1 || 27.2 |- | 1.2 || 32.3 |- | 1.3 || 42.6 |- | 1.4 || 49.7 |- | 1.5 || 60.6 |- | 1.6 || 71.0 |- | 1.7 || 80.3 |- | 1.83 || 91.4 |- | 1.95 || 102 |- | 2.11 || 118 |- | 2.24 || 130 |- | 2.37 || 143 |} = Detector #8, 3953C4 = Measured capacitance with LCR Meter BK Precision 879, 281pF. Data acquired on 8/14/2014 using bench supplies: {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Reverse bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 10 || 0.08 |- | 20 || 0.09 |- | 30 || 0.08 |- | 40 || 0.08 |- | 50 || 0.09 |- | 60 || 0.09 |- | 70 || 0.10 |- | 80 || 0.10 |- | 90 || 0.42 |- | 100 || 1.64 |- | 105 || 2.72 |- | 108 || 3.61 |- | 109 || 40.4 |- | 110 || 95.5 |- ! forward bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 0|| 0.09 |- | 0.13 || 0.09 |- | 0.25 || 0.08 |- | 0.43 || 0.11 |- | 0.48 || 0.2 |- | 0.54 || 0.56 |- | 0.65 || 2.92 |- | 0.78 || 9.32 |- | 0.89 || 17.4 |- | 1.01 || 26.5 |- | 1.19 || 41.2 |- | 1.32 || 52.4 |- | 1.43 || 62.6 |- | 1.65 || 82.9 |- | 1.94 || 110 |} = Detector #9, 3956B1= Measured capacitance with LCR Meter BK Precision 879, 50pF. Data acquired on 8/19/2014 using bench supplies: New devices which should have lower P contamination. {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Reverse bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (applied, V) ! Current (measured, uA) (10k ohm resistor in series) |- | 10 || 0.8 |- | 20 || 0.12 |- | 30 || 0.33 |- | 40 || 0.59 |- | 50 || 0.93 |- | 60 || 1.29 |- | 70 || 1.82 |- | 72 || 1.98 |- | 74 || 2.16 |- | 76 || 2.34 |- | 80 || 3.01 |- | 85 || 4.85 |- | 90 || 240 |- | 95 || 280 |- | 100 || 306 |- | 105 || 325 |- | 110 || 350 |- | 115 || 372 |- ! Forward bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (applied, V) ! Current (measured, uA) (10k ohm resistor in series) |- | 0 || 0.09 |- | 0.13 || 0.08 |- | 0.247 || 0.08 |- | 0.364 || 0.08 |- | 0.423 || 0.14 |- | 0.601 || 4.71 |- | 0.718 || 13.21 |- | 0.834 || 22.9 |- | 0.886 || 27.5 |- | 1.0 || 38.5 |- | 1.125 || 49.41 |- | 1.24 || 60.3 |- | 1.3 || 65.8 |- | 1.384 || 73.7 |- | 1.475 || 82.3 |- | 1.53 || 87.8 |- | 1.65 || 98.9 |- | 1.82 || 115 |- | 1.94 || 127 |- | 2.05 || 138 |- | 2.29 || 161 |- | 2.52 || 183 |} = Detector #10, 3956F3= Measured capacitance with LCR Meter BK Precision 879, 50pF. Data acquired on 8/19/2014 using bench supplies: {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Reverse bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 10 || 0.1 |- | 20 || 0.09 |- | 30 || 0.09 |- | 40 || 0.08 |- | 50 || 0.09 |- | 60 || 0.09 |- | 70 || 0.08 |- | 80 || 0.09 |- | 90 || 0.09 |- | 100 || 0.08 |- | 110|| 0.08 |- | 120 || 0.09 |- | 130|| 0.08 |- | 135|| 0.08 |- | 140|| 62 |- | 150|| 146 |- | 160|| 175 |- | 170|| 395 |- ! forward bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 0|| 0.08 |- | 0.13 || 0.08 |- | 0.246 || 0.08 |- | 0.305 || 0.09 |- | 0.423 || 0.1 |- | 0.541 || 0.14 |- | 0.601 || 0.29 |- | 0.719 || 1.79 |- | 0.835 || 6.76 |- | 0.951 || 14.6 |- | 1.07 || 23.9 |- | 1.24 || 39.2 |- | 1.44 || 56.7 |- | 1.54 || 66.1 |- | 1.71 || 82.3 |} = Detector #11, 3957A2= UPDATE: just learned that this is not a device, just a test article, p-doped only (9/5/2014) Measured capacitance with LCR Meter BK Precision 879, 57pF. Data acquired on 9/4/2014 using bench supplies: {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Reverse bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 0 || 0.09 |- | 10 || 2.81 |- | 20 || 33.78 |- | 30 || 97.5 |- | 40 || 211 |- | 50 || 410 |- | 60 || |- | 70 || |- | 80 || |- | 90 || |- | 100 || |- | 110 || |- | 120 || |- | 130 || |- | 135 || |- | 140 || |- | 150 || |- | 160 || |- | 170 || |- ! forward bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 0|| 0.08 |- | 0.129 || 0.08 |- | 0.188 || 0.08 |- | 0.246 || 0.08 |- | 0.363 || 0.08 |- | 0.481 || 0.10 |- | 0.549 || 0.13 |- | 0.661 || 0.20 |- | 0.718 || 0.25 |- | 0.776 || 0.29 |- | 0.893 || 0.32 |- | 0.952 || 0.33 |- | 1.07 || 0.37 |- | 1.19 || 0.46 |- | 1.31 || 0.68 |- | 1.48 || 3.92 |- | 1.66 || 10.3 |- | 1.84 || 61.0 |- | 1.93 || 84.5 |- | 2.07 || 103.9 |- | 2.19 || 118 |} = Detector #12, 3957A2= UPDATE: just learned that this is not a device, just a test article, p-doped only (9/5/2014) Measured capacitance with LCR Meter BK Precision 879, 58pF. Data acquired on 9/4/2014 using bench supplies: {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Reverse bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 0 || 0.09 |- | 10 || 2.84 |- | 20 || 23.03 |- | 30 || 64.2 |- | 40 || 138 |- | 50 || 285 |- | 60 || 660 |- | 70 || |- | 80 || |- | 90 || |- | 100 || |- | 110 || |- | 120 || |- | 130 || |- | 135 || |- | 140 || |- | 150 || |- | 160 || |- | 170 || |- ! forward bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 0 || 0.08 |- | 0.129 || 0.08 |- | 0.199 || 0.08 |- | 0.305 || 0.08 |- | 0.422 || 0.1 |- | 0.481 || 0.13 |- | 0.601 || 0.29 |- | 0.719 || 0.50 |- | 0.777 || 0.63 |- | 0.835 || 0.77 |- | 0.980 || 1.10 |- | 1.11 || 1.47 |- | 1.25 || 1.92 |- | 1.51 || 3.65 |- | 1.66 || 7.98 |- | 1.74 || 12.81 |- | 2.04 || 32.9 |- | 2.30 || 55.4 |- | 2.42 || 66 |- | 2.60 || 81.5 |- |} = Detector #13, 3960B2= Measured capacitance with LCR Meter BK Precision 879, 32pF. Data acquired on 9/9/2014 using bench supplies: {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Reverse bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 0 || 0.08 |- | 10 || 0.08 |- | 20 || 0.08 |- | 30 || 0.08 |- | 40 || 0.08 |- | 50 || 0.08 |- | 60 || 0.08 |- | 70 || 0.08 |- | 80 || 0.08 |- | 90 || 0.08 |- | 100 || 0.08 |- | 110 || 0.08 |- | 120 || 0.08 |- | 130 || 0.08 |- | 135 || 0.08 |- | 140 || 0.08 |- | 150 || 0.08 |- | 160 || 0.08 |- | 170 || 0.08 |- ! forward bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 0 || 0.08 |- | 0.137 || 0.08 |- | 0.245 || 0.08 |- | 0.362 || 0.08 |- | 0.480 || 0.14 |- | 0.539 || 0.26 |- | 0.599 || 0.59 |- | 0.658 || 1.39 |- | 0.762 || 4.82 |- | 0.892 || 12.2 |- | 0.951 || 16.24 |- | 1.01 || 20.6 |- | 1.19 || 34.9 |- | 1.37 || 50.6 |- | 1.42 || 55.4 |- | 1.54 || 65.8 |- | 1.60 || 71.3 |- | 1.84 || 93.1 |- | 1.95 || 104 |- | 2.13 || 120 |- |} = Detector #14, 3962A1= Measured capacitance with LCR Meter BK Precision 879, 22pF. This is a BAE wafer 73um thick. There were issues with wafer reported to me. Data acquired on 9/25/2014 using bench supplies: {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Reverse bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 0 || 0.08 |- | 10 || 0.14 |- | 20 || 6.35 |- | 30 || 25.4 |- | 40 || 125 |- | 50 || 700 |- ! forward bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 0 || 0.08 |- | 0.137 || 0.08 |- | 0.245 || 0.08 |- | 0.362 || 0.08 |- | 0.478 || 0.10 |- | 0.597 || 0.37 |- | 0.715 || 1.41 |- | 0.773 || 3.03 |- | 0.840 || 6.50 |- | 0.890 || 9.18 |- | 1.05 || 21.1 |- | 1.18 || 32.7 |- | 1.24 || 37.9 |- | 1.42 || 53.9 |- | 1.48 || 59.4 |- | 1.59 || 70.3 |- | 1.77 || 86.9 |- | 1.95 || 103 |- | 2.06 || 115 |- |} = Detector #15, 3963A1= Measured capacitance with LCR Meter BK Precision 879, 45pF. BAE wafer 40um thick. Reported issues with wafer quality. Data acquired on 9/25/2014 using bench supplies: {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Reverse bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 0 || 0.08 |- | 10 || 3.25 |- | 20 || 26.9 |- | 30 || 142 |- | 40 || 320 |- | 50 || 546 |- ! forward bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 0 || 0.08 |- | 0.137 || 0.08 |- | 0.245 || 0.08 |- | 0.362 || 0.08 |- | 0.480 || 0.14 |- | 0.539 || 0.26 |- | 0.599 || 0.59 |- | 0.658 || 1.39 |- | 0.762 || 4.82 |- | 0.892 || 12.2 |- | 0.951 || 16.24 |- | 1.01 || 20.6 |- | 1.19 || 34.9 |- | 1.37 || 50.6 |- | 1.42 || 55.4 |- | 1.54 || 65.8 |- | 1.60 || 71.3 |- | 1.84 || 93.1 |- | 1.95 || 104 |- | 2.13 || 120 |- |} = Detector #16, 3960B2= Measured capacitance with LCR Meter BK Precision 879, 75pF. 20um thick, 2mm square. Data acquired on 9/26/2014 using bench supplies: {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Reverse bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 0 || 0.08 |- | 10 || 0.08 |- | 80 || 0.08 |- | 90 || 0.10 |- | 130 || 0.11 |- | 170 || 0.12 |- | 190 || 0.13 |- | 230 || 0.40 |- | 240 || 0.50 |- | 250 || 0.60 |- | 260 || 0.80 |- | 270 || 0.83 |- | 280 || 0.86 |- | 290 || 0.87 |- | 300 || 1.58 |- ! forward bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) (10k ohm in series) ! Current (measured, uA) |- | 0 || 0.08 |- | 0.192 || 0.08 |- | 0.310 || 0.08 |- | 0.368 || 0.08 |- | 0.420 || 0.10 |- | 0.486 || 0.26 |- | 0.603 || 1.65 |- | 0.663 || 3.58 |- | 0.780 || 9.93 |- | 0.897 || 18.4 |- | 1.07 || 32.9 |- | 1.13 || 38.0 |- | 1.19 || 34.9 |- | 1.19 || 43.2 |- | 1.25 || 48.4 |- | 1.31 || 54.1 |- | 1.39 || 61.2 |- | 1.48 || 69.8 |- | 1.60 || 80.7 |- | 1.78 || 97.2 |- |} Reverse bias data acquired on 10/15/2014 using bench supply, measuring current by measuring voltage drop across 1M ohm resistor: {| align="center boarder = "1" ! Reverse bias (dark, covered) |- ! Voltage (diode load, V) ! Current (calculated uA, 1M ohm voltage drop) ! Min max values after ~60 secs dwell |- | V || min uA || max uA |- | 0 || -0.014 || -0.015 |- | 10 || 0.997 || 0.998 |- | 20 || 1.999 || 1.993 |- | 30 || 3.004 || 3.006 |- | 40.12 || 3.996 || 3.998 |- | 50.02 || 4.994 || 4.995 |- | 59.95 || 6.037 || 6.045 |- | 70.0 || 7.059 || 7.062 |- | 80.06 || 8.078 || 8.080 |- | 90.01 || 9.089 || 9.097 |- | 99.95 || 10.103 || 10.106 |- | 110.0 || 11.132 || 11.140 |- | 120.02 || 12.166 || 12.170 |- | 130 || 13.209 || 13.231 |- | 140.03 || 14.279 || 14.327 |- | 150.08 || 15.466 || 15.568 |- | 160.12 || 17.001 || 17.315 |- | 170.2 || 19.386 || 20.614 |- | 180.5 || 24.331 || 25.738 |- | 190.1 || 31.721 || 32.459 |- | 200.2 || 43.243 || 44.271 |- |}
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